Modulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis and the pineal gland by neurokinin A, neuropeptide K and neuropeptide gamma

Modulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis and the pineal gland by neurokinin A, neuropeptide K, and neuropeptide gamma. Peptides 1999. Neurokinin A (NKA), neuropeptide K (NPK) and neuropeptide gamma (NPG) are members of the family of tachykinins, and act preferentially on NK-2 tachykinin receptors. These Peptides are widely distributed and are potent stimulators of smooth muscle contraction, especially in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract. They also induce vasodilatation and plasma extravasation. Through their effects on the vascular tone, they are also potential regulators of the blood flow and therefore of the function of many organs and tissues. Tachykinins have been demonstrated to influence the secretory activity of endocrine cells, and they may have a physiological role as regulators of endocrine functions. A number of reports have indicated that NPK, NKA and NPG act on the hypothalamo-pituitary gonadal axis to regulate functions related to reproduction. Therefore, we thought that, at this point, it was important to review the available evidence suggesting the role of these tachykinins on reproductive functions by effects exerted at 3 different levels of regulation: the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary and the gonads. These 3 tachykinin Peptides were reported to have effects on reproductive functions, acting on the control of the secretion of gonadotropin and Prolactin at the level of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis, and on the steroid secretion by the testes and the ovaries. Acting on the hypothalamus, tachykinins, mainly NPK, were reported to inhibit LH secretion, but this effect is dependent on the presence of gonadal Steroids. On the anterior pituitary gland, however, tachykinins were shown to stimulate LH and Prolactin secretion, and this effect is also dependent on the presence of gonadal Steroids. Tachykinin concentrations in the hypothalamus and pituitary are regulated by steroid Hormones. In the hypothalamus, estrogens and testosterone increase tachykinin concentration. In the anterior pituitary gland, estradiol and thyroid Hormones markedly depress tachykinin concentrations. Ovariectomy and exposure to short photoperiods significantly increase anterior pituitary tachykinins in the Siberian hamster. In the pineal gland, SP and NK-1 receptors are present and, more recently, the presence of NKA and probably also NPK was demonstrated. Castration and steroid replacement modified the content of tachykinins in the pineal gland. The removal of the superior cervical ganglia was followed by an increase in NKA content in the pineal gland. These results suggest that gonadal Steroids may influence tachykinins in the pineal gland. In the gonads, tachykinins stimulated the secretory activity of Sertoli cells, but inhibited testosterone secretion by Leydig cells. There are very few reports on the role of tachykinins in the ovary, but some of them indicated that these Peptides are present in some of the ovarian structures, and they may affect the secretion of ovarian Steroids. Thus, NKA, NPK and NPG appear to have a modulatory role, mainly acting as paracrine factors, on the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis.