Regulation of cell division and growth in roots of Lactuca sativa L. seedlings by the Ent-Kaurene diterpenoid rabdosin B

Rabdosin B, an ent-kaurene diterpenoid purified from the air-dried aerial parts of Isodon japonica (Burm.f) Hara var. galaucocalyx (maxin) Hara, showed a biphasic, dose-dependent effect on root growth and a strong inhibitory effect on root hair development in lettuce seedlings (Lactuca sativa L.). Lower concentrations of rabdosin B (20-80 microM) significantly promoted root growth, but its higher levels at 120-200 microM, by contrast, had inhibitory effects. Additionally, all tested concentrations (10-40 microM) inhibited root hair development of seedlings in a dose-dependent manner. Further investigations on the underlying mechanism revealed that the promotion effect of rabdosin B at the lower concentrations resulted from increasing the cell length in the mature region and enhancing the mitotic activity of meristematic cells in seedlings' root tips. In contrast, rabdosin B at higher concentrations inhibited root growth by affecting both cell length in the mature region and division of meristematic cells. Comet assay and cell cycle analysis demonstrated that the decrease of mitotic activity of root meristematic cells was due to DNA damage induced cell cycle retardation of the G(2) phase and S phase at different times.