Use of fluorescein-di-beta-D-galactopyranoside (FDG) and C12-FDG as substrates for beta-galactosidase detection by flow cytometry in animal, bacterial, and yeast cells

Fluorescein-di-beta-D-galactopyranoside (FDG) was found to be a useful substrate for beta-galactosidase detection by flow cytometry in gram-negative bacteria, since it entered viable cells and gave a fluorescence emission proportional to the enzymatic activity. C12-FDG, a more lipophilic derivative, gave a very poor signal because of the lack of penetration. On the contrary, C12-FDG was more sensitive than FDG for beta-galactosidase activity determinations in animal cells. In contrast to previous reports, C12-FDG did not enter viable yeast cells, so that the use of the substrate required cell permeabilization. Without this treatment, C12-FDG penetrates only nonviable yeast cells that may occur in populations expressing beta-galactosidase.