BMP-9/GDF-2  (骨形成蛋白 9)

BMP-9 也称为生长分化因子 2 (Growth differentiation factor-2, GDF-2)。BMP-9 属于 TGFβ 超家族，通过 ALK1 进行信号转导。BMP-9 是维持内皮稳态的血管静止因子^[1]。 BMP-9 以非常高的亲和力与 ALK1 结合 (K_d: 29 nM)。BMP-9 主要由肝脏产生，特别是肝细胞，肺和脑也有少量 BMP-9 产生^[2]。BMP-9 还可诱导骨形成。具体而言，ALK1 的激活最终会导致 Smad 蛋白的磷酸化和异二聚体形成。然后，这些 Smad 蛋白可以与 Smad4 相互作用以进行适当的核定位，这对于 BMP9 诱导的成骨分化是必需的^[3]。人 BMP-9 与小鼠氨基酸序列同源性约为 80%。

BMP-9 is also known as growth differentiation factor-2 (GDF-2). BMP-9 belongs to TGFβ superfamily and signals through ALK1. BMP-9 is a vascular quiescence factor maintaining endothelial homeostasis^[1]. BMP-9 binds to ALK1 with a very high affinity (K_d: 29 nM). BMP-9 is mainly produced by the liver, specifically by hepatocytes, and at a lower level by the lungs and the brain^[2]. BMP-9 also induces bone formation. Specifically, the activation of ALK1 will eventually lead to phosphorylation and heterodimeric formation of Smad proteins. These Smads proteins can then interact with Smad4 for proper nuclear localization, which is necessary for proper BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation^[3]. Human BMP-9 shares about 80% aa sequence identity with mouse.

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