释义：

The Gene Ontology (GO) evidence codes describe the source and reliability of GO annotations. Each code represents a different evidence source or research method, helping researchers understand the reliability and basis of the annotation. Evidence codes are categorized into six main types:
1. Experimentally Supported Evidence
EXP (Inferred from Experiment): Experimental validation evidence, indicating that the annotation comes from direct experimental data.
IDA (Inferred from Direct Assay): Direct assay evidence, typically obtained through biochemical or other direct methods (e.g., activity assays, binding assays).
IPI (Inferred from Physical Interaction): Physical interaction evidence based on direct interactions between proteins, such as co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) or yeast two-hybrid.
IMP (Inferred from Mutant Phenotype): Evidence from mutant phenotype, based on phenotypic changes observed in gene knockout or mutation experiments. For instance, deleting a gene resulting in abnormal cell growth suggests it may influence growth.
IGI (Inferred from Genetic Interaction): Genetic interaction evidence, based on interactions between multiple genes, such as observing a stronger phenotype in double mutants than single mutants.
IEP (Inferred from Expression Pattern): Evidence from expression patterns, based on gene or protein expression changes under specific conditions or times, often detected by techniques like Northern blot or RNA-seq.
2. High-Throughput Experiment Supported Evidence
HTP (High Throughput Experiment): General large-scale experiment, indicating data from high-throughput methods like genome sequencing.
HDA (High Throughput Direct Assay): High-throughput direct assay evidence, from large-scale direct experiments.
HMP (High Throughput Mutant Phenotype): High-throughput mutant phenotype evidence, from large-scale mutant phenotype analysis.
HGI (High Throughput Genetic Interaction): High-throughput genetic interaction data, e.g., gene interaction networks from large-scale screenings.
HEP (High Throughput Expression Pattern): High-throughput expression pattern evidence, based on large-scale gene expression experiments (e.g., RNA-seq) for analyzing gene expression in different conditions or tissues.
3. Computational Analysis Supported Evidence
ISS (Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity): Sequence or structural similarity evidence, based on the similarity between the target gene and known functional genes, typically obtained through bioinformatics tools (e.g., BLAST).
ISO (Inferred from Sequence Orthology): Sequence orthology evidence, based on homology among genes within the same species, often for conserved gene functions.
ISA (Inferred from Sequence Alignment): Sequence alignment evidence, based on sequence alignment, usually for genes with similar domains in different species.
ISM (Inferred from Sequence Model): Sequence model evidence, inferred from recognizing specific sequence motifs or patterns.
IGC (Inferred from Genomic Context): Genomic context evidence, based on gene location similarity across species to infer function.
RCA (Inferred from Reviewed Computational Analysis): Reviewed computational analysis evidence, based on manually reviewed computational analysis results.
4. Author Statements as Evidence
TAS (Traceable Author Statement): Traceable author statement, based on statements in published literature with specific data support.
NAS (Non-traceable Author Statement): Non-traceable author statement, based on published statements but without specific data support, generally considered less reliable.
5. Curatorial and Inferred Evidence
IC (Inferred by Curator): Curator-inferred evidence, conclusions made by database curators based on logical reasoning combined with other evidence sources.
ND (No biological Data available): No biological data available; currently, there is no supporting experimental or computational data for the annotation.
6. Electronic Annotation Evidence
IEA (Inferred from Electronic Annotation): Electronic annotation evidence, generated by automated computational methods without manual review, often used in high-throughput preliminary annotation.

基因本体论 (Gene Ontology) 证据代码是用于描述 GO 注释来源和可靠性的标识，不同的证据代码代表不同的证据来源或研究方法，帮助研究人员理解该注释的可靠性和支持依据。证据代码分为六大类：
1. 实验支持的证据
EXP (Inferred from Experiment)：实验验证的证据，表示该注释来源于直接的实验数据。
IDA (Inferred from Direct Assay)：直接检测证据，通常通过生化实验或其他直接方法 (如活性测定、结合实验) 获得。
IPI (Inferred from Physical Interaction)：物理相互作用证据，基于蛋白质间的直接物理相互作用，例如免疫共沉淀 (Co-IP) 或酵母双杂交实验。
IMP (Inferred from Mutant Phenotype)：表型影响证据，基于基因突变或敲除实验中的表型变化。例如，删除特定基因后观察到细胞生长异常，则可以推测该基因可能影响生长。
IGI (Inferred from Genetic Interaction)：基因间相互作用证据，基于多个基因之间的相互作用，例如观察到两个基因的双突变体比单突变体有更显著的表型变化。
IEP (Inferred from Expression Pattern)：表达模式证据，基于基因或蛋白质在特定条件下或时间点的表达变化，通常通过技术如 Northern blot 或 RNA-seq 获得。
2. 高通量实验支持的证据
HTP (High Throughput Experiment)：一般的大规模实验，表明数据来自高通量方法，例如基因组测序。
HDA (High Throughput Direct Assay)：高通量直接检测，数据来自大规模的直接检测实验。
HMP (High Throughput Mutant Phenotype)：高通量表型证据，来自大规模的突变体表型分析。
HGI (High Throughput Genetic Interaction)：高通量基因间相互作用数据，例如通过大规模筛选得到的基因互作网络。
HEP (High Throughput Expression Pattern)：高通量表达模式证据，基于大规模基因表达实验的结果，如 RNA-seq 数据，用于分析基因在不同条件或组织中的表达水平。
3. 计算分析支持的证据
ISS (Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity)：序列或结构相似性推导证据，基于目标基因与已知功能基因在序列或结构上的相似性，通常通过生物信息学工具 (如 BLAST) 获得。
ISO (Inferred from Sequence Orthology)：同种物种同源证据，基于同种物种中不同基因的同源性，通常用于注释保守基因的功能。
ISA (Inferred from Sequence Alignment)：序列比对推导证据，基于序列比对结果，通常用于不同物种中具有相似结构域的基因。
ISM (Inferred from Sequence Model)：基序模型推导证据，通过特定的序列基序或模式识别来推测基因的功能。
IGC (Inferred from Genomic Context)：共祖基因证据，基于不同物种中基因的基因组位置相似性来推测功能。
RCA (Inferred from Reviewed Computational Analysis)：经验证的计算分析证据，基于经过手动评审的计算分析结果，用于支持基因注释。
4. 作者声明的证据
TAS (Traceable Author Statement)：可追溯作者陈述，基于已发表文献中的作者声明。
NAS (Non-traceable Author Statement)：不可追溯作者陈述，基于文献中的作者声明，但未提供数据支撑，通常可信度较低。
5. 手动标注和推测性证据
IC (Inferred by Curator)：由数据库注释员基于逻辑推理得出的结论，并结合其他证据来源。
ND (No biological Data available)：无生物数据支持，目前没有相关实验或计算数据支持该注释。
6. 电子注释证据
IEA (Inferred from Electronic Annotation)：电子注释证据，通过自动化计算方法生成的推测性注释，通常在没有人工确认的情况下使用，适合高通量初步注释。