释义：

Phage display technology is a powerful bioengineering method used to study protein-protein interactions and to screen for high-affinity proteins or peptides. This technique was originally developed by George P. Smith in 1985, utilizing phages—a type of virus that infects bacteria—to display random peptide sequences or protein libraries. Below are the basic principles and steps of phage display technology: Gene Engineering: First, the gene sequence of the target protein or peptide is inserted into the phage genome, usually into the gene for the phage coat protein (such as pIII or pVIII). This allows the target protein or peptide to be displayed as part of the phage coat protein on the surface of the phage.
Phage Replication and Expression: The modified phages infect host bacteria (typically E. coli), replicate, and express the new coat protein, displaying the target protein or peptide on the surface.
Screening and Selection: These display phages are exposed to the target ligand (which can be a protein, DNA, small molecule, etc.) for binding. Unbound phages are washed away, leaving only those that have bound to the target ligand.
Elution and Amplification: The phages bound to the ligand are eluted using specific methods, then the host bacteria are re-infected for amplification, preparing for the next round of selection.
Iterative Screening: The screening process is repeated for multiple rounds (typically 3-5 rounds) to enrich the phage library for proteins or peptides with high-affinity interactions with the target ligand.
Sequencing: Finally, the selected phages are sequenced to identify the exact sequence of the protein or peptide that successfully bound to the target ligand.

噬菌体展示技术是一种强大的生物工程方法，用于研究蛋白质间的相互作用和筛选具有高亲和力的蛋白质或多肽。该技术最初由George P. Smith在1985年开发，利用噬菌体——一种侵染细菌的病毒——来展示随机肽序列或蛋白质库。以下是噬菌体展示技术的基本原理和步骤：
基因工程：首先，将目标蛋白或肽的基因序列插入到噬菌体的基因组中，通常是噬菌体外壳蛋白 (如pIII或pVIII) 的基因中。这样，目标蛋白或肽就可以作为噬菌体外壳蛋白的一部分被展示在噬菌体的表面上。
噬菌体复制与表达：改造后的噬菌体感染宿主细菌 (通常是大肠杆菌)， 在细菌内复制并表达新的外壳蛋白，使得表面展示了目标蛋白或肽。
筛选和选择：将这些展示噬菌体与目标配体 (可以是蛋白质、DNA、小分子等) 接触，让其结合。通过洗涤步骤去除未结合的噬菌体，只保留与目标配体结合的噬菌体。
洗脱和扩增：通过特定的方法从配体上洗脱结合的噬菌体，然后再次感染宿主细菌进行扩增，为下一轮筛选做准备。
迭代筛选：重复筛选过程多轮 (通常是3-5轮)， 以增强噬菌体库中与目标配体高亲和力相互作用的蛋白或肽的丰度。
序列分析：最终，筛选出的噬菌体被序列化，以鉴定成功结合到目标配体的蛋白或肽的精确序列。