2. Academic Validation
  3. 4'-Ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine (EFdA) inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with multiple mechanisms

4'-Ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine (EFdA) inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with multiple mechanisms

  • J Biol Chem. 2014 Aug 29;289(35):24533-48. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M114.562694.
Eleftherios Michailidis 1,  Andrew D Huber 2,  Emily M Ryan 1,  Yee T Ong 1,  Maxwell D Leslie 1,  Kayla B Matzek 1,  Kamalendra Singh 1,  Bruno Marchand 1,  Ariel N Hagedorn 1,  Karen A Kirby 1,  Lisa C Rohan 3,  Eiichi N Kodama 4,  Hiroaki Mitsuya 5,  Michael A Parniak 6,  Stefan G Sarafianos 7
Affiliations

Affiliations

  • 1 From the Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65211.
  • 2 From the Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center and Departments of Veterinary Pathobiology and.
  • 3 Magee-Womens Research Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213.
  • 4 Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
  • 5 Department of Internal Medicine, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan, Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV/AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, and.
  • 6 Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219.
  • 7 From the Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65211, Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, sarafianoss@missouri.edu.
PMID: 24970894 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M114.562694
Abstract

4'-Ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine (EFdA) is a nucleoside analog that, unlike approved anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase inhibitors, has a 3'-OH and exhibits remarkable potency against wild-type and drug-resistant HIVs. EFdA triphosphate (EFdA-TP) is unique among nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase inhibitors because it inhibits HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase (RT) with multiple mechanisms. (a) EFdA-TP can block RT as a translocation-defective RT inhibitor that dramatically slows DNA synthesis, acting as a de facto immediate chain terminator. Although non-translocated EFdA-MP-terminated primers can be unblocked, they can be efficiently converted back to the EFdA-MP-terminated form. (b) EFdA-TP can function as a delayed chain terminator, allowing incorporation of an additional dNTP before blocking DNA synthesis. In such cases, EFdA-MP-terminated primers are protected from excision. (c) EFdA-MP can be efficiently misincorporated by RT, leading to mismatched primers that are extremely hard to extend and are also protected from excision. The context of template sequence defines the relative contribution of each mechanism and affects the affinity of EFdA-MP for potential incorporation sites, explaining in part the lack of antagonism between EFdA and tenofovir. Changes in the type of nucleotide before EFdA-MP incorporation can alter its mechanism of inhibition from delayed chain terminator to immediate chain terminator. The versatility of EFdA in inhibiting HIV replication by multiple mechanisms may explain why resistance to EFdA is more difficult to emerge.

Keywords

AIDS; Antivirals; EFdA; Enzyme Inhibitor; Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV); NRTIs; Nucleoside/Nucleotide Analogue; Reverse Transcriptase; Reverse Transcription.

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