Thyrotropin  (Synonyms: TSH; Pretiron)

Thyrotropin (TSH, Pretiron) is a thyroid-stimulating hormone produced by thyrotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland. Thyrotropin regulates the endocrine function of the thyroid. Thyrotropin induces transcriptional regulation of TH-gatekeeper genes in tanycytes through the Tshr/Gαq/PKC pathway. Thyrotropin prevents Apoptosis. Thyrotropin has an association of low levels with increased bone remodeling, reduced bone mass and a high fracture risk in mice. Thyrotropin is promising for research of skeletal remodeling, hyperthyroidism^{[1][2][3][4][13]}.

Thyrotropin (rhTSH，0.1-10 nM，2-3 周) 可增强人类 T 细胞发育^[8]。
Thyrotropin (牛 Thyrotropin，100 milliunits/mL，胰蛋白酶消化后前 24 至 48 h) 在狗、人类和牛甲状腺细胞中形成卵泡状结构^[10]。
Thyrotropin (1 nM) 可促进 FRTL-5 细胞增殖^[11]。
Thyrotropin 调节甲状腺细胞增殖和分化^[12]。
Thyrotropin (10 mU/mL，最长 72 h) 通过促进 FRTL-5 中的细胞粘附和细胞周期进程来防止细胞凋亡^[13].

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Thyrotropin (0.1-10 mIU/10 μL，脑室内注射，光照后 4 h) 参与小鼠光周期信号传导，并以剂量依赖性方式诱导 thyroid hormone-activating (DIO2) 表达^[5].
Thyrotropin (腹腔注射) 刺激甲状腺激素进入野生型和杂合子小鼠的循环系统^[6]。
Thyrotropin (rhTSH，0.1 μg/g，腹腔注射) 比大鼠甲状腺 TSH 受体更容易取代小鼠的内源性 TSH^[7]。
Thyrotropin (0.05 USP unit，每日两次，腹腔注射，6 天) 导致甲状腺重量增加，但不会导致遗传性侏儒小鼠体重增加^[9]。

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

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  [2]. Vassart G, et al. The thyrotropin receptor and the regulation of thyrocyte function and growth. Endocr Rev. 1992 Aug;13(3):596-611.  [Content Brief]

  [3]. Kim SM, et al. Thyrotropin, Hyperthyroidism, and Bone Mass[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021 Nov 19;106(12):e4809-e4821.  [Content Brief]

  [4]. Chandrasekar A, et al. Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Gatekeepers by Thyrotropin in Tanycytes[J]. Thyroid. 2024 Feb;34(2):261-273.  [Content Brief]

  [5]. Ono H, et al. Involvement of thyrotropin in photoperiodic signal transduction in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Nov 25;105(47):18238-42.  [Content Brief]

  [6]. Marians RC, et al. Defining thyrotropin-dependent and -independent steps of thyroid hormone synthesis by using thyrotropin receptor-null mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Nov 26;99(24):15776-81.  [Content Brief]

  [7]. Colzani RM, et al. The effect of recombinant human thyrotropin (rhTSH) on thyroid function in mice and rats. Thyroid. 1998 Sep;8(9):797-801.  [Content Brief]

  [8]. van der Weerd K, van Hagen PM, Schrijver B, Heuvelmans SJ, Hofland LJ, Swagemakers SM, Bogers AJ, Dik WA, et al. Thyrotropin acts as a T-cell developmental factor in mice and humans. Thyroid. 2014 Jun;24(6):1051-61.  [Content Brief]

  [9]. Denef JF, et al. The influence of thyrotropin and growth hormone on the thyroid gland in the hereditary dwarf mouse: a morphometric study. Endocrinology. 1980 Oct;107(4):1249-57.  [Content Brief]

  [10]. Winand R J, et al. Thyrotropin effects on thyroid cells in culture. Effects of trypsin on the thyrotropin receptor and on thyrotropin-mediated cyclic 3': 5'-AMP changes. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1975, 250(16): 6534-6540.

  [11]. Medina DL, et al. Thyrotropin-dependent proliferation of in vitro rat thyroid cell systems. Eur J Endocrinol. 2000 Aug;143(2):161-78.  [Content Brief]

  [12]. Dumont JE, et al. Physiological and pathological regulation of thyroid cell proliferation and differentiation by thyrotropin and other factors. Physiol Rev. 1992 Jul;72(3):667-97.  [Content Brief]

  [13]. Li X, et al. Thyrotropin prevents apoptosis by promoting cell adhesion and cell cycle progression in FRTL-5 cells. Endocrinology. 1999 Dec;140(12):5962-70.  [Content Brief]