Lysosomal dysfunction disturbs porcine oocyte maturation and developmental capacity by disorganizing chromosome/cytoskeleton and activating autophagy/apoptosis

Lysosome, an important organelle in eukaryotes, can sequester macromolecules submitted by the endocytosis and Autophagy pathways for degradation and recycling. Massive macromolecular turnover is also vital to the growth and development of mammalian oocytes. However, the functional role of lysosomes in the meiotic maturation of mammalian oocytes remains largely unexplored. Here, by treating in vitro matured porcine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) with chloroquine (CQ), a lysosome inhibitor, we showed that regardless of CQ concentration, lysosomal inhibition affected neither the extrusion of the first polar body (PB1), nor the ROS levels. However, CQ treatment dramatically decreased the rates of oocytes with normal chromosome alignment and Cytoskeleton organization (P < 0.05), but boosted the rates of oocytes with Apoptosis (P < 0.05). Subsequently, after pathenogenetic activation or in vitro fertilization, the death or fragmentation rates of oocytes treated by CQ (both 35 μM and 45 μM) were significantly higher (P < 0.05), whereas the rates of embryo cleavage, embryos developed to blastocysts, and average blastomere number per blastocyst, were all significantly lower (P < 0.05), respectively. Furthermore, CQ (35 μM) treatment activated the Autophagy pathway by elevating the LC3 II/I ratio. Taken together, lysosomes could affect porcine oocyte maturation and subsequent developmental capacity partially through the chromosome organization/Cytoskeleton assembly and Autophagy/Apoptosis pathways.