Nilotinib in combination with sunitinib renders MCL-1 for degradation and activates autophagy that overcomes sunitinib resistance in renal cell carcinoma

Purpose: Sunitinib is a recommended drug for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, the therapeutic potential of sunitinib is impaired by toxicity and resistance. Therefore, we seek to explore a combinatorial strategy to improve sunitinib efficacy of low-toxicity dose for better clinical application.

Methods: We screen synergistic reagents of sunitinib from a compound library containing 1374 FDA-approved drugs by in vitro cell viability evaluation. The synergistically antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects were demonstrated on in vitro and in vivo models. The molecular mechanism was investigated by phosphoproteomics, co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence and western-blot assays, etc. RESULTS: From the four-step screening, nilotinib stood out as a potential synergistic killer combined with sunitinib. Subsequent functional evaluation demonstrated that nilotinib and sunitinib synergistically inhibit RCC cell proliferation and promote Apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, nilotinib activates E3-ligase HUWE1 and in combination with sunitinib renders Mcl-1 for degradation via Proteasome pathway, resulting in the release of Beclin-1 from Mcl-1/Beclin-1 complex. Subsequently, Beclin-1 induces complete Autophagy flux to promote antitumor effect.

Conclusion: Our findings revealed that a novel mechanism that nilotinib in combination with sunitinib overcomes sunitinib resistance in RCC. Therefore, this novel rational combination regimen provides a promising therapeutic avenue for metastatic RCC and rationale for evaluating this combination clinically.

Autophagy; Combination therapy; MCL-1; Nilotinib; Renal cell carcinoma; Sunitinib.