2. Academic Validation
  3. Chemistry, bioactivities, extraction and analysis of azadirachtin: State-of-the-art

Chemistry, bioactivities, extraction and analysis of azadirachtin: State-of-the-art

  • Fitoterapia. 2019 Apr:134:141-150. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.02.006.
Sara R Fernandes 1,  Luisa Barreiros 2,  Rita F Oliveira 3,  Agostinho Cruz 4,  Cristina Prudêncio 5,  Ana Isabel Oliveira 4,  Cláudia Pinho 4,  Nuno Santos 6,  Joaquim Morgado 7
Affiliations

Affiliations

  • 1 Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal; LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
  • 2 Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal; LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. Electronic address: lbarreiros@ff.up.pt.
  • 3 Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Secção Autónoma de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
  • 4 Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
  • 5 Ciências Químicas e das Biomoléculas, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal; i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
  • 6 AustroCel Hallein GmbH, Hallein, Austria.
  • 7 Bio4Life4You, Porto, Portugal.
PMID: 30738093 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.02.006
Abstract

Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Neem) is an Indian tree recognized for its activity as pesticide, as well as several pharmacological properties. Among the various compounds already isolated and studied from Neem tree, azadirachtin (AZA) was identified as the main bioactive compound. Azadirachtin can be found at different parts of the Neem plant but assumes its maximum concentration at the seed level. This compound features a quite complex chemical structure, which justifies the 20-plus-year difficulty to identify the synthetic pathway that subsequently permitted to carry out its artificial synthesis. Azadirachtin is widely used as a basis for production of biopesticides; nevertheless, Other properties have been recognized for this substance, among which the Anticancer and antimalarial activity stand out. The methods available for azadirachtin extraction are diverse, including solid-liquid extraction and extraction with Solvents at high or low temperatures. Alcohol based Solvents are associated with higher extraction yields and are therefore preferred for the isolation of azadirachtin from plant parts. Clean-up of the extracts is generally required for further purification. The highest azadirachtin levels have been obtained from Neem seeds but concentration values present a large variation between batches. Therefore, in addition to extraction procedures, it is essential to establish routine methods for azadirachtin identification and quantification. Chromatography-based techniques are preferably selected for detection and quantification of azadirachtin in plant matrices. Overall, this process will guarantee a future reproducible, safe and effective use of the extracts in formulations for commercial applications.

Keywords

Azadirachta indica; Bioactive compounds; Chemical characterization; Extraction; Neem; Quantification.

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