Paraptosis (副凋亡)

Paraptosis is characterized by cytoplasmic vacuolation and the absence of chromatin condensation and cell fragmentation^[1]. It is usually associated with mitochondrial and/or ER swelling. Paraptosis is independent of caspase activation; it is accompanied by an alteration of Ca²⁺ and redox homeostasis and depends on mitogen-activated protein kinase family members. Paraptosis can be inhibited by the multifunctional adapter protein AIP-1/Alix, by translation inhibitor cycloheximide, or RNA synthesis inhibitor actinomycin D. Paraptosis can be induced by PDT based on hypericin, the pyropheophorbide, photofrin, and benzoporphyrin derivative, but its immunogenic properties are not known yet^[2]. Paraapoptosis plays an important biological role in many disease models such as cancer and neurodegenerative cell death^[3][4].