Etomoxir  (Synonyms: 乙莫克舍; (R)-(+)-Etomoxir)

Rat heart H9c2 myoblastic cells are incubated in DMEM containing 10% fetal bovine serum until near confluence. In some experiments, cells are preincubated for 2 h with DMEM (serum-free) in the absence or presence of 1-80 μM Etomoxir and then incubated for 2 h with 0.1 mM [1-¹⁴C]oleic acid (10 μCi/dish, binds to BSA in a 1:1 molar ratio). In other experiments, cells are preincubated for 2 h plus or minus 40 μM Etomoxir and then incubated for 2 h with 0.1 μM or 0.1 mM [1,3-³H]glycerol (10 μCi/dish), 0.1 mM [1-¹⁴C]oleic acid (2 μCi/dish, binds to BSA in a 1:1 molar ratio), 0.1 mM [1-¹⁴C]palmitic acid (2 μCi/dish, binds to BSA in a 1:1 molar ratio), 28 μM [methyl-³H]choline (2 μCi/dish), 0.4 mM [³H]serine (20 μCi/dish), or 40 μM myo-[³H]inositol (10 μCi/dish). The medium is removed and the cells washed twice with ice-cold saline and then harvested from the dish with 2 mL methanol-water (1:1, v/v) for lipid extraction. An aliquot of the homogenate is taken for the determination of total uptake of radioactivity into cells. Phospholipids are then isolated and radioactivity in these determined^[2].

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Mice^[3]
80 male C57BLKS/J lar-Lepr^db/db mice and 20 wild type littermates (8 week) are used. db/db mice are randomly divided into four groups: db/db group, Etomoxir group, MitoQ group, and PFT-α group. In the Etomoxir group, mice are intraperitoneally injected with 1 mg/kg Etomoxir twice every week. In the MitoQ group, 50 μM MitoQ is given to the mice in water. Water bottles, containing either MitoQ, are covered with aluminum foil, and all bottles are refilled every 3 days. In the PFT-α group, mice are intraperitoneally injected with 1 mg/kg PFT-α twice every week. WT mice are administrated with vehicle instead. The experimental period is 8 weeks. At the end, peripheral blood samples and bone marrow cells are harvested for the assays.
Rats^[4]
Male Lewis rats, weighing 150-200 g, are used in the present study. Animals are kept on a 12 h:12 h light/dark cycle and fed a Purina Chow diet and water ad libitum. The rats are divided into two groups: (1) control and (2) Etomoxir. Etomoxir (20 mg/kg of body weight) is dissolved in 0.9% (w/v) NaCl and administered intraperitoneally for 8 days. Control rats receive saline. The last injection is given 24 h before the experiment.

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

• [1]. Rupp H, et al. The use of partial fatty acid oxidation inhibitors for metabolic therapy of angina pectoris and heart failure. Herz. 2002 Nov;27(7):621-36.  [Content Brief]

  [2]. Xu FY, et al. Etomoxir mediates differential metabolic channeling of fatty acid and glycerol precursors into cardiolipin in H9c2 cells. J Lipid Res. 2003 Feb;44(2):415-23.  [Content Brief]

  [3]. Li J, et al. FFA-ROS-P53-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis contributes to reduction of osteoblastogenesis and bone mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Sci Rep. 2015 Jul 31;5:12724.  [Content Brief]

  [4]. Luiken JJ, et al. Etomoxir-induced partial carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I (CPT-I) inhibition in vivo does not alter cardiac long-chain fatty acid uptake and oxidation rates. Biochem J. 2009 Apr 15;419(2):447-55.  [Content Brief]

  [5]. O'Connor RS, et al. The CPT1a inhibitor, etomoxir induces severe oxidative stress at commonly used concentrations. Sci Rep. 2018 Apr 19;8(1):6289.  [Content Brief]